A setosa graph SG(e, f, g, h, d,b1, b2, . . ., bs) is a graph consisting of five cycles and s(≥,1) paths Pb1+1, Pb2+1, . . ., Pbs+1 intersecting in a single vertex that all meet in one vertex, where bi ≥,1 (for i = 1, . . ., s) and e, f, g, h, d ≥,3 denote the length of the cycles Ce, Cf, Cg, Ch and Cd, respectively. Two graphs G and H are L-coSpectral if they have the same Laplacian spectrum. A graph G is said to be determined by the spectrum of its Laplacian matrix (DLS, for short) if every graph with the same Laplacian spectrum is isomorphic to G. In this paper we prove that if H is a L-coSpectral graph with a setosa graph G, then H is also a setosa graph and the degree sequence of G and H are the same. We conjecture that all setosa graphs are DLS.

Spectral karyotyping is a novel method for the simultaneous visualization of the entire chromosomes of an organism by painting the chromosomes using a combination of fluorochromes. This allows improved identification of chromosomal aberrations that cannot be identified by conventional banding methods. Since introduction of cancer as a disease of the genome, researchers have employed various molecular techniques for a better understanding of malignancies. This review discusses the role and contributions of Spectral karyotyping in the study and characterization of both solid and hematological malignancies.

Purpose The study presents the physico-chemical, heavy metal and Spectral characterization of aerobic compost to assess the suitability of its use for different purposes generated from two different municipal solid waste dumpsites located in the cities of Solan and Mandi in Himachal Pradesh. Methods The Spectral characteristics of the compost material were determined using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) technique. The heavy metal analysis of compost material was analyzed through atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The study also focused on the determination of the qualitative nature of compost by utilizing an indexing method based on Fertilizer Control Order (FCO) Standards. The utility of the compost was characterized on the values of ‘ Fertility Index’ and ‘ Clean Index’ . Results The Fertility Index (FI) of compost for Solan and Mandi was observed 3. 5 and 3. 6, respectively, whereas Clean Index (CI) of compost for both regions was observed 4. 0 and 5. 0 at the 60th day of sampling, respectively, with the former being classified as category D and the second being classified as category A of high fertilizing potential. Conclusions The MSW compost of Solan cannot be used as fertilizer due to its low fertilizing potential. The heavy metal concentration for the study regions has been found within the permissible limits of the fertility control order standards. It is concluded from the study that aerobic composting is a suitable option for processing of waste as well as it can reduce the weight of organic waste in the dumpsite.

A series of 2-methylthio-1, 4-dihydropyrimidine derivatives (II) were synthesized in good yields by alkylation of 1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydropyrimidines (I) with methyl iodide in the presence of pyridine. Their structures were confirmed by elemental analysis, IR and 1H NMR spectra. The compounds were tested for analgesic activity by acetic acid induced writhing method. Compounds IIh, IIe, IIk and IIl showed excellent to good analgesic activity. Other compounds showed moderate analgesic activity. The observed analgesic activity is mainly because of inhibition of the peripheral pain mechanism by the title compounds.

Cytotoxic metal complexes have drawn significant attention from biochemists nowadays. These bioactive coordination compounds of potential ligands with biological functional groups and suitable metal ions have garnered considerable interest. In this study, hybrid azomethine thiourea ligands and their copper(II) complexes were prepared and studied using modern physicochemical techniques. The Spectral data have shown that the coordination was carried out through N, N, O, and S atoms. One unpaired electron d9 configuration and the distorted square-planar environment were suggested for the synthetic copper(II) complexes. The electrochemical properties of the Schiff base thiourea copper(II) complexes were investigated. The antioxidant activities of all azomethine thiourea copper(II) complexes were identified by DPPH method using curcumin as a positive control. In vitro cytotoxic activity against human cancer cell lines, hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG-2) and human lung adenocarcinoma (A549) of the received copper(II) complexes was examined. The obtained results have indicated that [Cu(II)LCl] possessed the best cytotoxicity for HepG-2 and A549 with 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) = 2.41 and 1.88 µg/ml, respectively.

The dimerization constants of Safranine T have been determined by studying the dependence of its absorption spectra on the temperature in the range 30-70oC at different total concentrations of Safranine T (1.03×10-5, 1.44×10-5 and 1.73×10-5 M). The monomer-dimer equilibrium of Safranine T has been determined by applying MCR-ALS method on the absorption spectra. The quantitative analysis of the data of undefined mixtures, was carried out by simultaneous resolution of the overlapping Spectral bands in the whole set of absorption spectra. In this work the dimerization constant of Safranine T has been determined by studying the dependence of absorption spectrum on temperature at different total concentrations of dye. The enthalpy and entropy of the dimerization reactions were determined from the dependence of the equilibrium constants on the temperature (van’t Hoff equation). From these results it can be inferred that the driving force of the dimerization is of enthalpic origin.

The synthesis, characterization and quantum-chemical investigations of two new Co(II) complexes derived from fluorescent benzimidazoles have been reported. Two new fluorescent heterocyclic ligands were synthesized from the reduction of imidazo[4', 5': 3, 4]benzo[1, 2-c]isoxazole derivatives, and characterized by elemental analyses, IR, mass, and NMR spectra. Coordination of the bidentate ligands with Co(II) cation produced orange complexes. The structures of the complexes have been established by Spectral and analytical data as well as Job’ s method. The photophysical properties of the new ligands and Co(II) complexes were characterized by UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopies. An efficient charge transfer from the p-orbital of ligand to the Co(II) d-orbital could be proposed as the main reason for the color of the new complexes. To gain insight into geometry, Spectral properties and the energy difference between the HOMO and LUMO frontier orbitals of the ligands and Co(II) complexes, the DFT calculations at the B3LYP/6-311++G(d, p) level were employed. The DFT-calculated Spectral properties were in good agreement with the experimental values and confirmed the suitability of the optimized geometries for cobalt complexes.